Biofuel

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Wood Fuel Flow

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Experiment on Efficiency of Traditional Cook Stove [TCS]

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Experiment on Efficiency of Improved Cook Stove [ICS]

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Improved Cook Stove

Dr. Krishna Raj Shrestha

1. Introduction

A cooking stove is a device in which fuel is burnt to cook food. It is usually located in kitchen. Besides cooking food, a stove is also used for heating the room, drying of certain items and agro-processing activities (AEPC, 2000).Improved cooking stove is a device that is designed to consume less fuel and save cooking time, convenient in cooking process and creates smokeless environment in the kitchen but the traditional ‘Chulo’ can’t do the mentioned function efficiently.

1.1 Design Features

The design of an Improved Cook Stove (ICS) involves the application of heat transfer, combustion and fluid flow principles in order to attain complete combustion of the fuel with a minimum amount of excess air, maximum transfer of heat from the flame and the flue gases to the cooking vessel, and a minimum loss of heat to the surroundings. The stove consists in principle of a combustion chamber, pot holder and baffle depending upon the type of stove and chimney.

Combustion Chamber:

In the household cooking stove, the combustion chamber is made of clay or brick mixed with chipped rice straw/agriresidue with a diameter of 20cm. and height of 14 to 19cm. respectively. A metal grate is placed at the bottom of the combustion chamber and about 10cm. height from the base. The aperture in grate for the passage of air is approximately 30 per cent of total grate area. Below the grate, there are two 6 sq. cm. second air holes on opposite sides for better mixing of air in the combust chamber. The fuelwood supply door is 12 x 15 sq. cm.

In the Institutional cooking stove , the cooking pot is sink into the combustion chamber and is made of brick and clay mixed with agri-residues with a diameter of 6 cm. and height of 26 cm. respectively. A metal grate is placed at the bottom of the combust chamber and about 20 cm. height from the base. The aperture in grate for the passage of air is approximately 40 per cent of total grate area. below the grate there are two 12 cm. diameter secondary air holes on opposite sides for better mixing of air in the combustion chamber. The fuelwood supply door is 20 cm. x 40 cm.

Using a biogas digester

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Improved Cook Stove

Source: Center for Rural Technology, Nepal

improved cook stove

A cook stove is a device located in specific location where fuel is burnt for cooking purposes. The located space is known as kitchen. In Nepal, biomass energy: fuel wood, agro-residue and animal dung is used for cooking purpose. Use of traditional stoves such as “agenu” and “chulo” due to its low efficiency consumes more fuel increasing the burden on women. In Nepal women are mainly responsible for cooking and collection of biomass. Besides, use of biomass energy and low-grade biomass fuels leads to excessive levels of indoor air pollution. Women and children in particular are exposed to the smoke emission. This is one of the reasons for higher rates of infant mortality and morbidity. Release of incomplete carbon products in the atmosphere due to poor combustion of biomass fuels results in green house gas effect. More than 80% of the energy need of Nepal is met by fuel wood thus exerting immense pressure on the forest resources of the country.

What is a Traditional Cooking Stove?

Beehive Briquette – A Reliable Alternative Fuel

Presented by:

Dr. Krishna Raj Shrestha
Centre for Energy and Environment
Kathmandu, Nepal

Beehive briquette

Abstract: Biomass has been the prime source of fuel from time immemorial. About 85 percent of all energy consumed in Nepal at present is supplied by biomass. With the present crisis of fuel wood shortages, the rural population is depending more and more to the burning of loose agro-residues and cow dung for domestic cooking and other purposes. This is a highly polluting practice associated with health hazards. To solve the problem of fuel wood and associated deforestation, these agro-residues should be upgraded to convenient and smokeless fuels. In the present study a simple technology is developed for the production of beehive briquettes by the carbonization of the agro-forestry residues and mixing of the char with binders followed by briquetting. It provides smokeless domestic fuel easily ignitable with sustained uniform combustion. The test results and the tentative financial analysis are presented.

Keywords: Biomass, beehive briquette, agro-residues, briquetting, carbonization, char

Beehive briquette

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Improved Cook Stove(ICS)

A cooking stove is a device in which fuel is burnt to cook food. Improved cooking stove is a device that is designed to consume less fuel and save cooking time, convenient in cooking process and creates smokeless environment in the kitchen.

ENERGY SCENARIO IN NEPAL

Total Energy Consumption	367.25 Million GJ (WECS, 2006)
Traditional Energy Sources	(322.105 mGJ)	87.71 %
Wood	(2386.96 mGJ)	78.78 %
Agri-residues	(13.964mGJ)	3.8 %
Animal Dung	(21.181 mGJ)	5.77%
Commercial	(43.195 mGJ)	11.76 %
Petroleum	(30.063 mGJ)	8.19 %
Coal	( 6.459 mGJ)	1.76 %
Renewables	(1.955 mGj)	0.58 %
Electricity	(6.673 mGJ)	1.82 %

Indoor air Pollution: 1.6 million people die each air because of indoor air pollution ( The World Health Report, WHO 2002).

Average Per capita Energy Consumption 15 GJ

Average Per capita Fuel wood consumption 559.5kg

Overall energy Demand is increasing by 3% per annum.

About 86 % of the total energy is used in domestic sector in which more than

90% is used for cooking purposes,

4.6% in industrial sector,

1.1% in trade sector,

3.9% in transport sector and agriculture sector accounts for 0.9% (Economic Survey, 2002).

Annually about 11 million tons of fuel wood are burnt for cooking alone and even with the low performance (11% fuel savings) estimates indicates that one ICS can save on average one metric ton of fuel wood annually (WECS, 1996).

During last five years, about 52,300 ICS have been installed in various parts of the country and the percentage of the rural households using ICS is still less than 10 % according to NLSS data.

Indoor air Pollution: 1.6 million people die each air because of indoor air pollution ( The World Health Report, WHO 2002)

Tree

A Tree living for 50 Years Generates –

Rs. 5.3 lakhs worth of Oxygen

Rs. 6.4 lakhs worth of soil Fertilizer

Rs. 6.4 lakhs worth of Soil Erosion Control

Rs. 10.5 lakhs worth of Air Pollution Control

Rs. 5.3 lakhs worth of shelter for Birds and Animals besides fruits and Vegetable

So When a Tree is Cut the net loss is worth more than Rs. 33 lakhs.[ Source: - Mucosol ]

.

Efficiency of Stove Net efficiency of a cooking stove depends upon various parameters and test conditions such as

• Altitude of test location
• Ambient temperature
• Atmospheric pressure
• Specific heat capacity of vessel taken for test
• Size of vessel
• Bottom and overall shape of vessel
• Weight of vessel and
• The amount of the cooking specimen (water) taken